A REVIEW OF MULTIMODAL DEEPFAKE FORGERY DETECTION IN AUDIOVIDEO-TEXT

Abstract

Mental health care in Pakistan faces significant challenges, deeply influenced by cultural stigma, religious beliefs, and an underdeveloped healthcare system. Despite the introduction of the Mental Health Ordinance in 2001, which replaced the outdated Lunacy Act of 1912, the availability and accessibility of mental health services remain insufficient. Cultural factors, including widespread belief in supernatural causes of mental illness, lead many individuals to seek help from faith healers or religious leaders before considering professional mental health care. Additionally, the deep-rooted stigma surrounding mental health issues prevents many people from seeking appropriate care, further compounding the problem. In Islamic tradition, mental health is often viewed through a spiritual lens, where the treatment of psychological distress is seen as both a medical and spiritual journey. While Islamic teachings emphasize the importance of seeking healing, including through prayer, spiritual counseling, and medical care, there is often a lack of integration between religious practices and modern mental health services. This Recent advancements in generative models, particularly those based on deep learning and artificial intelligence, have significantly enhanced the realism and accessibility of deepfake content. While these technologies offer numerous creative and industrial benefits, they also pose a serious threat to the authenticity and trustworthiness of digital media. The rapid evolution of deepfake techniques has made it increasingly difficult to distinguish between genuine and manipulated content, thereby raising concerns across multiple domains, including media, politics, and cybersecurity. As a result, there is a growing need for robust and advanced detection mechanisms that can effectively identify such manipulations and preserve the integrity of information in the digital ecosystem. In this review, we present a comprehensive synthesis of existing deep learning frameworks designed for multimodal deepfake detection. Unlike traditional unimodal approaches that focus solely on visual or auditory cues, multimodal detection systems integrate auditory, visual, and textual data to provide a more holistic and accurate analysis. Special emphasis is placed on fusion techniques that combine features from these modalities, enabling models to detect subtle inconsistencies that may not be evident when analyzing a single modality in isolation. Additionally, this study evaluates widely used public datasets and benchmark evaluation metrics, highlighting their role in training and validating detection systems. The findings demonstrate that multimodal approaches significantly improve detection performance, especially in complex scenarios involving highly sophisticated manipulations. Furthermore, the importance of deep fake detection extends beyond technical challenges, as it has critical implications for society. Effective detection systems play a vital role in applications such as social media content moderation, judicial forensic analysis, and fraud prevention. At the same time, the deepfake of deceptive content can lead to serious psychological and social consequences, including misinformation, reputational damage, and mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Therefore, future research should prioritize the development of lightweight, scalable, and efficient architectures that can be deployed in real-world environments. Moreover, there is a strong need for standardized evaluation protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure consistent benchmarking and improved robustness. Such efforts will be essential in building reliable systems capable of safeguarding digital content authenticity in an increasingly complex and dynamic technological landscape., along with limited mental health literacy (MHL) among the population and the insufficient training of primary healthcare providers, exacerbates the challenges of mental health care in Pakistan. Addressing these challenges requires culturally and religiously sensitive policies that respect Islamic perspectives on health while promoting mental health education and awareness. Increasing investment in mental health resources and infrastructure is crucial, as is enhancing the training of healthcare professionals to integrate Islamic principles with contemporary mental health practices. This article examines the historical and current context of mental health care in Pakistan, the role of Islamic perspectives in shaping mental health perceptions, and the implications for policy development and future research.