ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH [D] BY KHOWAR LEARNERS

Authors

  • Sami Ullah Khan Faculty of English language and literature, Lasbela University, Balochistan. Author
  • Zahid Ali Department of English Language and Literature, Government College University Hyderabad Author
  • Dolat Khan University of Gawadar, Balochistan. Author

Keywords:

Second language acquisition, VOT, Retroflex, Speech learning Model

Abstract

This study examines the acquisition of the English alveolar stop [d] by Khowar-speaking learners, focusing on
phonetic substitution patterns influenced by their native language. Using acoustical analysis and Voice Onset
Time (VOT) measurements, it compares the production of [d] by Pakistan-based and foreign-based Khowar
speakers. Findings indicate that Pakistan-based learners substitute [d] with a retroflex or dental-alveolar
plosive due to L1 influence, while foreign-based learners show improved acquisition. The study highlights the
role of exposure to native English input in shaping pronunciation accuracy and confirms that L1 phonetic
inventory constrains L2 sound category formation, aligning with Flege’s Speech Learning Model.

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Published

2025-03-30

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 01 (2025): (JALT)

Section

Articles